Whether the disease duration is prolonged in immunocompromised patients deserves further study. At the moment, there is no universal guideline about the Rabbit Polyclonal to SLC5A2 continuation of immunosuppressive drugs during a COVID-19 infection [17]. shown. More research needs to be conducted to confirm these observations and guidelines regarding (dis)continuation of immunosuppressive drugs in COVID-19 positive immunocompromised patients should be developed. Keywords: COVID-19, Immunologic deficiency syndromes, Immunocompromised, Immunosuppressive brokers, Antibodies Highlights ? The disease course of COVID-19 largely differs among immunocompromised individuals. ? Antibody production against SARS-CoV-2 is usually noticed in immunocompromised patients. ? Further recommendations on (dis)continuation on immunosuppressive drugs during a COVID-19 contamination are needed. 1.?Introduction An infection with SARS-CoV-2 causes symptoms of the respiratory tract, but increasing evidence shows that almost every organ system can be involved [[1], [2]]. In some patients, the disease course can be complicated by a potentially fatal cytokine-driven hyperinflammatory response [[3], [4], [5]]. It may be suggested that immunocompromised patients, either due to a primary immunodeficiency or a secondary immunodeficiency caused by the usage of immunosuppressive drugs, are at increased risk for contamination and a more severe disease course with SARS-CoV-2 [6]. Conclusive data on this subject are missing, however. On the other hand, specific immunosuppressive drugs are used in the treatment of the hyperinflammatory state [[7], [8], [9]]. It could therefore be hypothesized that anti-cytokine therapy could mask the symptoms of an infection with COVID-19 XMD 17-109 or alter the disease course. Furthermore, there are not much data around the antibody production of SARS-CoV-2 in immunocompromised patients. To delineate the effect of an underlying immunological condition and/or immunosuppression around the course of COVID-19, we performed a descriptive study to investigate the incidence, disease XMD 17-109 course and SARS-CoV-2 antibody production in a cohort of patients with a primary or secondary immunodeficiency. For this study, approval from the medical ethical committee was requested and obtained. 2.?Results and discussion Our cohort consists of 4497 patients that are attending the outpatient clinic of the department of Clinical Immunology at the Erasmus University Medical Center (Rotterdam, the Netherlands). From the start of the pandemic in the Netherlands, at the end of February 2020, data from the patients known at the Clinical Immunology clinic referred to the emergency department and/or being admitted XMD 17-109 at the ward or ICU because of (a suspicion of) COVID-19 were collected prospectively. In addition, all patients at the immunology outpatient clinic, with auto-immune, auto-inflammatory and primary immunodeficiency diseases, are instructed to contact the Clinical Immunology department when they have symptoms of an infection. From the start of the COVID-19 epidemic in the Netherlands patients were questioned about potential COVID-19 symptoms in the outpatient clinic, and when admitted elsewhere correspondences from other hospitals were collected. Data on clinical features and use of immunosuppressive drugs in patients with COVID-19 known at the Clinical Immunology department were analyzed in the first six months of the epidemic until August 2020. Furthermore, the incidence of COVID-19 in our cohort was investigated. A total of 67 patients in our cohort were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by nasopharyngeal swab, of whom 14 tested positive for COVID-19 contamination (21%) (Table?1). Two patients (patient 10 and 13) had common COVID-19 symptoms, but XMD 17-109 did not have a PCR-test at the time of symptoms. Afterwards these patients exhibited serum SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Table?1 Clinical features of the COVID-19 positive patients.
1, 40/FHomeCVID1141 days24.2Cough, ST, fever, dyspnea, chest pain, sinusitisC2, 21/FGW, 9 daysBD1118 days27CC, cough, fever, dyspnea, diarrheaColchicine, prednisone, IFXa, dapsone3, 46/FGW,.